Which of the following technologies is essential for making web pages interactive?

The correct answer is JavaScript because it is the primary programming language used to create dynamic and interactive elements on web pages. JavaScript enables developers to respond to user actions—such as clicks, form submissions, and keyboard events—allowing for real-time updates and changes in content without the need to reload the entire page. This interactivity enhances user experience and engagement, making web applications more responsive and intuitive.

While HTML is fundamental for structuring web content and CSS is used for styling that content, neither of these technologies facilitates the interaction that JavaScript does. HTML defines the elements on the page, and CSS controls their appearance, but only JavaScript can manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM) in real time based on user input, making it essential for creating interactive features like animations, form validation, and interactive maps.